Reclaiming Art Part 2 - A mixture of Wood & Ceramic

Reclaim is defined as "to bring into or return to a suitable condition for use" For this piece of art I took scrap wood from bins at my woodshop, fixed them up, put them together and made a tray frame. The ceramic inside was completed by a dear friend of mine who acquired an beautiful designer plate that developed a rather large air bubble during the kiln phase and, while "unsellable" was in fact in perfect condition and ideal for use as a tiled base for the inside of my reclaimed wood tray. This is actually one of my most favorite pieces as it was made in a very innovative style that involved multiple disciplines and a great deal of time and love.

P²: Proactive Marketing moves toward Sustainability

According to MarketingProfs.com proactive marketing involves marketing activities which anticipate competitive action and attempt to forestall it as a means of staying viable in an ever evolving environment.[1] From a business perspective pollution prevention, at its heart, aim to reduce inefficiencies while improving customer satisfaction and/or profits. This idea is adequately summarized by Donald Fuller who states, not only that, the approach of pollution prevention is to eliminate waste and wasting at the point of origin, but their mere presence is an “indicator of inefficiencies in conversion processes or activities.”[2] Fuller takes this a step, insisting that if pollution prevention strategies are not taken seriously as part of the holistic outlook of any marketing strategy then, not only is the outcome inefficient, it’s also not progressive. Even the most doubting skeptic of sustainable and holistic business approaches acknowledge the importance of confronting and eliminating inefficiencies. Pollution creation is the ultimate inefficiency, especially when alternatives are readily available. For those that still believe the old slogan that dilution is the solution to pollution, bear this in mind, an article published by a Chinese scholar in the only English language newspaper in China, China daily, reported that the cost of China’s environmental degradation as a byproduct of its economic boon could be equal or higher than GDP.[3]

A counter example that illustrates pollution prevention as a progressive marketing strategy is the ‘green rate’ offered by two Washington DC hotels. These hotels offered discounted rates on rooms for patrons willing to use the same sheets and towels over a three day period.[4] This mutually beneficial deal allows for one third of the electricity, water and detergent to be used. To see an even more progressive example in DC check out Topaz hotel in DuPont Circle.[5]

*Both Photos taken by me in Shanghai China

Photos by Daniel Suchenski

[1] http://www.marketingprofs.com/marketing/library, http://en.mimi.hu/marketingweb/proactive_marketing_strategies.html

[2] Sustainable Marketing: Managerial-Ecological Issues p. 90 [3] http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-06/06/content_609350.htm [4] Sustainable Marketing: Managerial-Ecological Issues p. 91 [5] http://www.topazhotel.com/html/green-hotel-dc.asp

Sustainable Marketing & 4 informal laws.

‘Traditional’ marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.[1] As it relates to business, Donald Fuller in Sustainable Marketing: Managerial - Ecological Issues, states that marketing is not only an inseparable concept but, traditional marketing success has been defined as satisfying costumers and concurrent profits for the firm. This is often called the “win-win” strategy.[2] Traditional marketing often constitutes creative industries which include advertising, distribution and selling. It is concerned, not only with current marketing strategies, proper marketing also anticipates a customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Additionally, marketing is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Market research underpins these activities.[3]
You may be wondering, ‘What is the difference between sustainable marketing and more traditional marketing? It isn't just about selling green products to the “LOHAS” market segment, which encompasses 63 million people. Or the $540 billion Cultural Creative’s market. “Sustainable Marketing gives traditional marketing methods and discipline to entrepreneurs in the green marketing sector, teaches corporate social responsibility and green marketing to existing well-established companies, and also going beyond branding, evolving marketing, understanding our customers better, their values, emotions, and buying behavior, and their hopes for making a sustainable, restorative relationship with their families, their communities, and the earth.”[4] Fuller helps simplify this concept by stating that sustainable marketing utilizes all of the traditional marketing strategies while attempting to reinvent product systems to achieve “zero-waste, zero discharge outcomes while providing the same or improved benefits to costumers is a logical solution to pollution.”[5]

[1] Marketing definition approved in October 2007 by the American Marketing Association
[2] Fuller, Donald A. Sustainable Marketing: Managerial - Ecological Issues. SAGE Publications. 1999. Page 3.[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing[4] http://www.sustainablemarketing.com/[5] Fuller, Donald A. Sustainable Marketing: Managerial - Ecological Issues. SAGE Publications. 1999. Page 3.

Defining Sustainable Marketing.

‘Traditional’ marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.[1] As it relates to business, Donald Fuller in Sustainable Marketing: Managerial - Ecological Issues, states that marketing is not only an inseparable concept but, traditional marketing success has been defined as satisfying costumers and concurrent profits for the firm. This is often called the “win-win” strategy.[2] Traditional marketing often constitutes creative industries which include advertising, distribution and selling. It is concerned, not only with current marketing strategies, proper marketing also anticipates a customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Additionally, marketing is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Market research underpins these activities.[3]
You may be wondering, ‘What is the difference between sustainable marketing and more traditional marketing? It isn't just about selling green products to the “LOHAS” market segment, which encompasses 63 million people. Or the $540 billion Cultural Creative’s market. “Sustainable Marketing gives traditional marketing methods and discipline to entrepreneurs in the green marketing sector, teaches corporate social responsibility and green marketing to existing well-established companies, and also going beyond branding, evolving marketing, understanding our customers better, their values, emotions, and buying behavior, and their hopes for making a sustainable, restorative relationship with their families, their communities, and the earth.”[4] Fuller helps simplify this concept by stating that sustainable marketing utilizes all of the traditional marketing strategies while attempting to reinvent product systems to achieve “zero-waste, zero discharge outcomes while providing the same or improved benefits to costumers is a logical solution to pollution.”[5]

[1] Marketing definition approved in October 2007 by the American Marketing Association
[2] Fuller, Donald A. Sustainable Marketing: Managerial - Ecological Issues. SAGE Publications. 1999. Page 3.[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing[4] http://www.sustainablemarketing.com/[5] Fuller, Donald A. Sustainable Marketing: Managerial - Ecological Issues. SAGE Publications. 1999. Page 3.

Reclaiming Art - Woodworking in Modern America

The more I travel back through the venues of my life the more I realize and understand more about sustainability & my own unique journey. I have been an avid, if sometimes unconventional woodworker and creator for sometime now. When I was in highschool I began using scraps, to create a sort of antique looking vintage style frame. Using scraps made sense, they are not only readily available in any woodshop but they also require a degree of creativity to make them into something interesting instead of using virgin wood pieces.

This piece was a large walnut backing with maple pieces on top and bottom, mahagony on the right side and two strips used as inlays on both the right and left sides.

I used paper clips for the twisted metal on the far right.

This is another frame with a solid walnut backing. Zebra wood an exotic hardwood imported from West Africa was attached on the upper right corner and redheart, another exotic hardwood, attached at the lower right corner. The top of the piece was shaped using various files.

This frame is held up by two protruding maple posts that come up through the walnut backing. None of the frames I made have stain or polyurethane. Tung oil would have been a powerful possibility as a natural and environmentally friendly alternative to polyurethane but was unavailable at the shop in DC. Because no stains or finishes were used it is important to note that these are the natural colors of the wood.


This frame uses purple heart triangle in the lower left. A slice of red heart. I used a drill on the right side to emulate wear. The picture is of Larry, the shop manager and one of the student’s children inside the Covenant House Washington’s woodshop.


This frame was held up with just a single piece of Baltic birch plywood. Purple heart is an exotic wood with mechanical properties of the wood are reported to lie somewhere between those of Greenheart and Oak. It is reported to have exceptional tolerance for shock loading.

This frame uses large block pieces of Zebra wood for grounding. A thin strip of purple heart runs across the bottom of the picture. Reclaimed corks from wine bottles and a post of red heart were used on either side of the frame to stabilize and prop up the drawing.

All of these frames were constructed in DC inside the Covenant House Washington woodshop. The BlogSpot is here. http://theartisans.blogspot.com/

Sustainable Development in Nigeria - Water Issues

Since last month’s TPR paper written on IAQ topics our group the Foxtrots met again at the Saxby’s café off main street in downtown Doylestown. This meeting, the first since finding out our group’s focus on water issues in the final presentation, included Philip S. Getty, P.G. who came to speak at our cSBA class in March. Continuing our general discussion on sustainability issues related to Nigeria’s Intercontinental Education Community Center (ICEC2) construction and maintenance, out team met on the morning of April 15th to discuss more specific sustainable options involving water management that are feasible and cost-efficient for the Nigerian site.

The cSBA handbook has this to say about problems related to water. Water, while seemingly abundant “is a scarce resource. Water that can be treated to drinking water standards (potable) are difficult to find, manage, and protect, and treating that water to drinking water quality is energy intensive and expensive.”[1] Using potable water for anything that does not require the highest standards of water quality is wasteful and puts enormous strain on our “public utilities to keep trying to find and treat water resources to keep up with not only population growth, but wasteful practices.”[2] In general using potable water to do things besides “drinking, cooking, bathing and cleaning is wasteful.”[3] While wasteful water uses in house range from bad habits, to poor maintenance, by far the most wasteful use of potable water is for landscape maintenance.[4] Some sources of concern for water consumption include among others: groundwater depletion and salt water intrusion in coastal areas, habitat destruction when dams are used to create reservoirs, etc.
Water use versus water supply along with environmental stewardship and economic growth help define the fundamentals nature of sustainable water management. It is important to remember that a need for healthy, potable drinking water will continue to be of vital importance to the long-term success and growth of humanity around the globe. As the population of our world grows the pressure on water supplies will exponentially increase unless more sustainable measures are implemented. Water demand, water quality and habitat protection issues will only make supplies more expensive and difficult to find[5] in the years and decades ahead. Items to take on actively for promotion of a sustainable water management include: using little to no fertilizers. Developed watersheds often have high levels of phosphorous which are commonly found in surface water.[6] This added phosphorous, often from lawn and garden care promotes algae blooms that then “decompose and deplete oxygen needed by fish and other aquatic life.”[7] Similar to fertilizer pollution is pesticide pollution affecting water sources. Studies show that regular use of “herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides decrease numbers and diversity of beneficial soil life, from earth worms to down to bacteria and fungi. In studies, increasing pesticide and soluble fertilizer use correlated with increasing soil compaction, acidification, and thatch buildup in lawns.”[8] Worse than the effect of pesticides on the environment and habitat, numerous epidemiological studies have found increased risk of cancer and birth defects in children of families using lawn and garden pesticides.[9] As ICEC2 will largely be used as a place for education and learning for youths and adults alike, minimizing or eliminating use of these carcinogens will be important aspect of making the location a sustainable community.
The planned Intercontinental Education Community Center (ICEC2) in Nigeria. Located at about 5° latitude and 9° longitude, the site is located atop a hill that has numerous options for sustainable water use. The meeting with Mr. Getty focused rather extensively on the potential use of cisterns at the ICEC2 site. For the cistern system to be most effective it will be important to have sufficient native vegetation on the property and any location that may be vital for water infiltration that may be accessed by both the cistern and the wells. Native forests return up to “50% of rainfall to sky through evapotranspiration, ET (the evaporation of water through plant life, as opposed to direct evaporation), and infiltrate more than 35% into soil”[10] Along with the benefits to infiltration, such strategies reduce runoff caused by impervious surfaces. Fundamental to the sustainable characteristics of the ICEC2 site will be the rehabilitation of habitat, protection and additions to the native forests and effective water management for the various planned gardens and other plantings on location. Despite the meeting ending without a final decision on whether to use a cistern, the meeting allowed the Foxtrots and Mr. & Mrs. Ukazim insight into the complexity of the issue. The next step entails development of a cost/benefit analysis as well as additional research to determine feasibility. Three important considerations that will need to be addressed before a successful completion of a cost/benefit analysis were identified. One, the ICEC2 site needs to determine what is our design rain? What should the capacity of the system be? Examination of watershed area and annual rain fall on the site will need to be accurately determined. Two, along with the capacity of the entire ‘system,’ an examination at each specific cistern size on site needs to be conducted. What are ICEC2’s water needs on a daily and seasonal basis? Third, what are, or would be the elevation differences from cistern to point of use? An examination and determination needs to be made about the need for pumps and pumping costs. The size and pressure of the pump for the cistern will need to be based on how much head pressure one needs to create a functional system. Additionally it will help determine at what rate the peak demand will be.[11]

Addressing some of the concerns mentioned in the cSBA student notebook, ICEC2 is taking the time and care to evaluate its sustainable options to produce the most favorable solution that impacts the economy of Nigeria, the local community, the environment at large, the needs of the inhabitants and population that comes to the school to learn. To that end ICEC2 wants to spend time and effort up front to mitigate potentially disastrous ramifications down the road. These include making sure there is sufficient groundwater reserves to meet the needs of the ICEC2 community that can be readily replenished to prevent depletion. Such an eventuality would not only impact the environment negatively it would make operations and costs on site rise dramatically. In addition to depletion the need to protect the ground water and cisterns from intrusions and pollutants is essential as it would be costly to repair and clean again to allow the resource usable again. ICEC2 is committed to habitat restoration for many reasons, not only is it the right thing to do from an environmental stewardship point of view but careful consideration of the natural habitat could yield important, perhaps even essential ingredients. For example, ICEC2 is looking into planting bamboo that could be carefully managed to make sure it does not grow too invasively but also so it could be used on site for construction and maintenance as it is a durable, rapidly renewable and relatively cheap alternative to more conventional hardwoods or steel. Along with bamboo large vegetable and fruit gardens are under consideration to help make the site self-sustaining. As mentioned above plantings especially those that are native to the region will increase infiltration of vital water that will make ICEC2 a reality. Small and efficient hydro dams have been considered. While concern for damming exists designs would not include the creation of reservoirs. We are trying to access if funneling water through such small dams could make sufficient enough electricity to justify instillation. If they are cost effective they would be used to direct water during the rainy season when the planned solar panels would be less efficient after the water had passed through the dam it would proceed into a basin to would seek to maximize infiltration into the aquifer thereby remaining useful for the population on ICEC2’s site through the groundwater wells that have already been drilled. This strategy along with other are being considered to make efficient of all sustainable options. Hippocrates is quoted as saying “do no harm, then try to do good.” This is a guiding principle of sustainability and the ICEC2 site. As the planned Intercontinental Education Community Center in Nigeria takes shape the elements of low impact development and sustainability are integral, not only to the important from a cost and environmental point of view, this site needs to be self-sufficient for the project to be completed and maintained at all.

This is an Excerpt only and may not be copied or cited without permission, Please contact me directly to learn more.

[1] National Sustainable Building Advisor Program. Unit 6: water. Student Notebook. Version 1.3. Page 2 of 26. ©2008 NaSBAP.[2] National Sustainable Building Advisor Program. Unit 6: water. Student Notebook. Version 1.3. Page 2 of 26. ©2008 NaSBAP.[3] National Sustainable Building Advisor Program. Unit 6: water. Student Notebook. Version 1.3. Page 2 of 26. ©2008 NaSBAP.[4] National Sustainable Building Advisor Program. Unit 6: water. Student Notebook. Version 1.3. Page 2 of 26. ©2008 NaSBAP.[5] National Sustainable Building Advisor Program. Unit 6: water. Student Notebook. Version 1.3. Page 3 of 26. ©2008 NaSBAP.[6] National Sustainable Building Advisor Program. Unit 6: water. Student Notebook. Version 1.3. Page 3 of 26. ©2008 NaSBAP.[7] National Sustainable Building Advisor Program. Unit 6: water. Student Notebook. Version 1.3. Page 3 of 26. ©2008 NaSBAP.[8] National Sustainable Building Advisor Program. Unit 6: water. Student Notebook. Version 1.3. Page 3 of 26. ©2008 NaSBAP.[9] National Sustainable Building Advisor Program. Unit 6: water. Student Notebook. Version 1.3. Page 3 of 26. ©2008 NaSBAP.[10] National Sustainable Building Advisor Program. Unit 6: water. Student Notebook. Version 1.3. Page 3 of 26. ©2008 NaSBAP.[11] Mr. Getty recommended websites: http://www.oasisdesign.net/water/storage/ http://www.oasisdesign.net/water/storage/ for further research.

Sustainable Development in Nigeria - IAQ/IEQ Issues

Since my the last TPR paper written on materials it would seem that Newtown Township is still as bogged down by political in-fighting and bureaucracy as it has been for several months now and it has proven difficult to acquire information and project meetings necessary for our group to be a useful participant in the process of making this new construction as sustainable as possible within budget constraints. At this point, pursuit of assisting the township is strictly on a personal level and is not being considered and is not part of the Foxtrots final presentation. Therefore this paper will largely focus on the project in Nigeria but will also examine some of the sustainable aspects of ICEC2 through a USGBC and GBCI looking glass.

Nigeria’s Intercontinental Education Community Center (ICEC2):
Recently our TPA group had its second project meeting in Doylestown concerning ICEC2. The morning of April 3rd saw the four members of the Foxtrots meeting with Mr. and Mrs. Ukazim as well as their Nigerian architect who is tweaking drawings developed pro-bono by WRT in center city Philadelphia. During the two hour meeting Mr. and Mrs. Ukazim updated us on the progress and vision of the ICEC2 project as well as the introduced to the official schematics and asked to comment and critique. We decided that as this will be, among other things, a school and clinic that will be used year round it is important to consider IEQ and ways to make the spaces as sustainable and learning friendly as possible. Along with using materials inside the building envelope that contain few to no VOC’s and off-gas as minimally as possible, the architects took the idea of conservation, the natural environment and a healthy IEQ to heart. The project is located at about 5° latitude and 9° longitude, the planned location of ICEC2 means that there will be over twelve hours of sunlight per day available for sustaining the building. As glass is expensive, hot and cumbersome the windows of each classroom as well as the campus common area to name a few will all be open to the outdoors and will promote natural ventilation and air infiltration.

With the decision to use natural ventilation (the average year round wind speed is around 11 mph, this is useful for natural ventilation and perhaps the use of wind turbines for electricity.) the project is saving money living more within its means, promoting a healthier IEQ and, without a HVAC system, is contributing to acoustical comfort. Common sources of acoustical discomfort, as mentioned in the cSBA student handbook include: “office equipment, HVAC systems, outdoor noise, and voices of others in the office space”[1] As little to no ‘office equipment’ will be used in the buildings except perhaps in the administrative wing, this is not a concern for ICEC2. The HVAC system, as mentioned earlier, is being replaced with a natural ventilation system making this acoustical discomfort a non-issue. Outdoor noise will still have to be taken into consideration not only during the design stage but after the building begins full operations to assess and account for unanticipated noise intrusions so they can be mitigated and eliminated. Under optimal conditions, i.e. all the students in the school are behaving and not being excessively noisy or disruptive we do not foresee either outdoor or indoor noise intrusion affecting the acoustical comfort of ICEC2’s faculty, staff and students.

Second on the list of IEQ concerns to address to optimize the environmental quality and learning atmosphere is the presence of indoor air pollution. According to the cSBA student handbook, there are four pollutants of concern, these are: chemicals (gases, VOC’s), Particles (dust), Microbes (molds) and radiation (radon, EMF’s)[2]. While at this point it is still difficult to ascertain what indoor materials such as chairs, tables etc. may be used in the buildings upon completion and the affect on the IEQ they might have in terms of their ability and potential to off-gas, the use of natural ventilation and frequent recirculation of outdoor air makes this less of a concern. Dust is a universal concern, requiring attention. The location of the school in Nigeria means it will be exposed to nearly six months of completely dry conditions where there is virtually no rainfall. The dry season, as it is known, is a concern from an IEQ perspective as the building tries to remove particles in the environment that may contribute to allergies irritations and a less than optimal learning atmosphere. Particles less than 10 microns are inhaled into the lungs and have a large enough surface area to carry other contaminants such as pesticides, PAHs SO2, NO2; they stay suspended for hours to days; they build up in carpet and furniture and are re-suspended by walking, sitting and vacuuming and air filters do not remove them.[3] While ICEC2 does plan, and is currently planting, trees, vegetables and other plants to contribute to its goal of self-sufficiency, there is no plan to utilize pesticides or other harmful chemicals into the campus of ICEC2. Additionally there is no plan for carpeting to be installed in the buildings as it is more expensive and does not positively contribute to IEQ. That being said, ICEC2 will institute a school wide co-op program where various tasks to ensure the sustainability of ICEC2 will be maintained. The proposed co-op plan includes having the school cleaned everyday to remove and reduce particles from dust. Additionally there are discussions into the feasibility of using ‘mandatory recess.’ While not specifically pertaining to IEQ issues, the idea was raised to use playground equipment, perhaps as part of a co-op, to bring ground water to the surface[4]. Perhaps the more pressing IEQ concern is particulate from the construction process. “Dust can include lead, cadmium, gypsum, fiberglass, carpet fibers, soot, dust mite, feces, mold spores, rug dyes, fire retardants, tire fragments, dander, charred wood”[5] among others. Construction particulate and dust is a potential concern for ICEC2. After completion the building should be thoroughly cleaned to ensure as little of construction related particulate remains. This procedure is not to dissimilar to the GBCI’s LEED-NC credits 3.1 and 3.2 which apply to construction IEQ management plans both during construction and before occupancy. As mentioned, six months of the year ICEC2 will be experiencing the dry season, the other six months are called the wet season. During the wet season, it is not uncommon to experience in excess of 100 inches of rain. These concentrations of heavy rain are potentially problematic where microbes, specifically mold, are concerned. With consistent temperatures above 60º F and relative humidity high year round and only higher during the rainy season, ICEC2 will need to make sure that there are no locations that do not have access to the planned natural ventilation for the buildings.

The last concern related to a healthy IEQ is that of radiation. While there are perhaps many possible radiation concerns, the most common is radon. Emitted from rocks this naturally occurring gas is odorless, colorless and contributes to between 7,000 to 30,000 cancer deaths a year in the US. [6] Considering that there is no planned basement or substructure for ICEC2 coupled with the widespread natural ventilation, we do not anticipate a problem with radon. It would be advisable to bring some materials to sample the radon levels to be completely sure.
If, during construction or after occupancy it comes to the attention of the staff or someone at the site of ICEC2 that there is or may be a problem steps toward remediation will be taken. If possible “eliminating or controlling the sources, and eliminating or controlling their ability to move around is the primary means of addressing IAQ.”[7] The hierarchies of steps toward remediation are: avoiding or eliminating the source followed by isolating/sealing the source, and finally ventilation and filtration. Along with remediation, these three simple steps can be used not only after a problem has developed but also to reduce or eliminate a problem from developing. The best way to avoid or eliminate such problems during construction is to choose “low or non-emitting building materials and finishes. Another solution is to avoid conditions conductive to mold growth and other biological contaminants”[8]. After ICEC2 is built and running it is best to keep all the buildings clean – the co-op program- this includes cleaning dust and other particulate. If elimination was not possible the next best thing for a conventional building like the Newtown Township’s new LEED building would be to isolate and ventilate the source and vent it to the outside. ICEC2 will accomplish this through its open windows and natural ventilation planning. If remediation is required at ICEC2 and elimination is not possible making sure that the space which contains the source has adequate access to the cross winds available in the building structures will be paramount and may include keeping doors and temporarily avoiding the location of the source.

The next meeting with the Foxtrots and the owners and builders of ICEC2 will most likely take place this upcoming Wednesday the 15th of April and while the last meeting centered around meeting the architect and going over structural design concepts, the upcoming meeting will include Philip S. Getty, P.G. who recently spoke at our cSBA class and will be talking to us more extensively about water and water use on the proposed ICEC2 site.

This is an Excerpt only and may not be copied or cited without permission, Please contact me directly to learn more.

[1] Unit 5 IEQ – Student handbook – Version 1.3 – 4 of 16 - ©2008 NaSBAP. [2] Unit 5 IEQ – Student handbook – Version 1.3 – 5 of 16 - ©2008 NaSBAP. [3] Unit 5 IEQ – Student handbook – Version 1.3 – 6 of 16 - ©2008 NaSBAP. [4] http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/22846013/ [5] Unit 5 IEQ – Student handbook – Version 1.3 – 6 of 16 - ©2008 NaSBAP. [6] Unit 5 IEQ – Student handbook – Version 1.3 – 7 of 16 - ©2008 NaSBAP. [7] Unit 5 IEQ – Student handbook – Version 1.3 – 7 of 16 - ©2008 NaSBAP. [8] Unit 5 IEQ – Student handbook – Version 1.3 – 8 of 16 - ©2008 NaSBAP.